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==Abstract==
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A helminthological study of the digestive tracts of 15 Far Eastern musk deer (''Moschus moschiferus turovi'' ) of Primorsky Krai detected single nematodes, which were assigned to the following taxons: ''Spiculopteragia spiculoptera'' , ''Nematodirus filicolis'' , ''Pygarginema skrjabini'' , and ''Trichuris''  sp. The species ''S. spiculoptera''  was registered for musk deer for the first time. Analyses of the literature data on the species composition of musk deer helminths concluded that there was a necessity for further helminthological studies examining these ruminants.  
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==Keywords==
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Musk deer ; Moschus moschiferus ; Helminths
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==Introduction==
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Helminthofauna of musk deer (''Moschus moschiferus''  L., 1758) represents a particular interest for researchers. Musk deer combine the features of ancient and modern ruminants and occupy an important place in mountain taiga ecosystems, which often define a characteristic of regional Asian faunas ( [[#bb0035|Prikhodko, 2003]] ). The way of life of musk deer and the inaccessibility of their habitat significantly limit this research. Data concerning helminthic fauna of musk deer are fragmentary and, in certain cases, contradictory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the species composition of digestive tract helminths of Far Eastern musk deer (''M. m. turovi'' ) and analysis of the published data on musk deer helminthic fauna.      
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==Materials and Methods==
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This helminthological research study of the digestive tract of 15 Far Eastern musk deer (nine adult males, two adult females, one young male and three young females) used standard methods ([[#bb0015|Ivashkin et al., 1971]] ). The material was collected in Primorsky Krai, a Terneisky area during the snow seasons (November–February) from 2010 to 2014.      
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Nematodes were cleared with 10% aqueous glycerin in temporary total preparations ([[#bb0015|Ivashkin et al., 1971]] ). Species identification was performed on the basis of morphology, and specifically on reproductive system peculiarities according to data obtained from [[#bb0050|Skrjabin et al. (1954)]] , [[#bb0040|Pryadko (1976)]] , and [[#bb0025|Kuznetsov (2006)]] . The female species was not determined.      
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==Results and Discussion==
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Individual nematodes were found in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract of all examined animals (in most cases — in the abomasum and small intestine). The intensity of the infection ranged from one to six nematodes. In two animals, there were only female nematodes observed in two and four individuals. In two cases, there were only males observed in one and three individuals. ''Spiculopteragia spiculoptera''  and ''Nematodirus filicolis''  were registered. In addition, one individual of the Spiruridae family was detected: ''Pygarginema skrjabini''  in the abomasum of one of the animals. In addition, we found 66 of these nematodes in the contents of the omasum in another musk deer. Two individuals of ''Trichuris''  sp. were detected in the colon of a young female musk deer.      
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One of these species (''S. spiculoptera'' ) was registered for the first time in musk deer.      
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It has been proposed that helminthiasis comprises a significant group of parasitic diseases of musk deer. However, there is currently little information on helminths of musk deer ([[#bb0035|Prikhodko, 2003]] ). Indeed, the only one publication dedicated directly to the helminthic fauna of musk deer in the territory of the former USSR is the article of [[#bb0020|Kadenazii (1958)]] . This author presents his own data of 13 animal autopsies performed during the period between 1933 and 1941, and declares the discovery of 11 helminth species for musk deer (2 cestode species — ''Moniezia expansa''  and ''Taenia hydatigena''  and nine species of nematodes — ''Trichostrongylus axei'' , ''Trichostrongylus colubriformis'' , ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' , ''N. filicolis'' , ''Capillaria bovis'' , ''Trichocephalus ovis'' , ''Setaria kabargi'' , ''Pneumocaulus cadenazii''  and ''Nematodirus''  sp.). Data on the last two species are cited from articles by  [[#bb9910|Shults and Andreeva (1948)]]  who described a new species ''P. cadenazii''  of musk deer in the Moscow Zoo; and by  [[#bb9920|Sokolova (1955)]]  who found ''Nematodirus''  sp. of musk deer in Kazakhstan. Importantly, 6 musk deer of 13 animals examined by  [[#bb0020|Kadenazii (1958)]]  were maintained for some time in the Moscow Zoo, where they could obtain non-specific types of worms.      
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Information on helminthological studies of musk deer in different regions of the former Soviet Union was also presented by [[#bb0005|Asadov (1960)]] , [[#bb0045|Safronov (1961)]] , [[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin (1963)]] , [[#bb0010|Gubanov (1964)]] , and [[#bb0040|Pryadko (1976)]] . However, a portion of these data overlaps, and the other portion of these data is contradictory.      
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According to [[#bb0045|Safronov (1961)]]  in Yakutia, musk deer have cestode ''T. hydatigena'' . The results of N.M. Gubanovs research (1954–1962) resulted in the discovery of fluke ''Dicrocoelium lanceatum orientalis'' , cestodes ''Moniezia baeri''  and ''T. hydatigena'' , and nematodes ''Pneumocaulus kadenazii'' , ''S. kabargi'' , ''Nematodirus oiratianus'' , and ''Trichocephalus skrjabini''  in musk deer in Yakutia. In the study of musk deer in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve,  [[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin (1963)]]  found two species of helminths, ''P. kadenazii''  and ''P. skrjabini'' .      
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There is a range of contradictions in the literature concerning the species composition of helminths of musk deer and the citation system used by the authors does not always clarify these contradictions. Thus, in a monograph on helminths of ruminants in the USSR, [[#bb0005|Asadov (1960)]]  lists only five helminth species of musk deer (for unknown reasons), although the article by [[#bb0020|Kadenazii (1958)]] , listed in the bibliography of the mentioned monograph, counts 11 species. [[#bb0005|Asadov (1960)]]  indicated that only ''Dicrocoelium moschiferi'' , ''Dicrocoelium orientalis'' , ''Moniezia benedeni'' , ''P. kadenazii'' , and ''S. kabargi''  have been found in musk deer. Thus, the species composition of helminths of musk deer provided by this author is different from that provided by  [[#bb0020|Kadenazii (1958)]] , which corresponds in only 2 species.      
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The monograph by [[#bb0040|Pryadko (1976)]] , which generalises data on global helminthic fauna of Cervidae, listed 20 species of helminths in musk deer: ''Dicrocoelium lanceatum'' , ''M. expansa'' , ''M. benedeni'' , ''M. baeri'' , ''Thysaniesia giardi'' , ''T. hydatigena'' , ''C. bovis'' , ''Armocapillaria moschiferi'' , ''T. ovis'' , ''T. skrjabini'' , ''S. kabargi'' , ''Protostrongylus moschi'' , ''P. kadenazii'' , ''T. axei'' , ''T. colubriformis'' , ''Trichostrongylus skrjabini'' , ''O. ostertagi'' , ''N. filicolis'' , ''N. oiratianus'' , and ''Nematodirella longissimespiculata'' . The monograph has a reduced list of references, which enable the determination of data sources on helminth of musk deer, including the geography of their identification.      
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There is no data on the helminths of musk deer inhabiting the Himalayas and China. [[#bb9995|Seidel (1993)]]  (quoted in [[#bb0035|Prikhodko, 2003]] ) reported that musk deer from China housed in the Berlin zoo, were parasitised by nematodes from the ''Trichostrongylus''  and ''Ostertagia''  genera, ''Dictyocaulus viviparus''  and protostrongylids. It is clear that a portion of these helminths infected animals that were already housed at the zoo.      
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==Conclusions==
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Research studies were performed on helminthic fauna of the digestive tract of 15 individuals of musk deer from Primorsky Krai. All examined animals had single nematodes, which were assigned to the following taxons: ''S. spiculoptera'' , ''N. filicolis'' , ''P. skrjabini'' , and ''Trichuris''  sp. The species ''S. spiculoptera''  was registered in musk deer for the first time.      
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This study was supported by an RFBR  grant #[[#gts0005|13-04-00341a]] . The authors gratefully acknowledge support from Wildlife Conservation Society  (USA).      
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==References==
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<ol style='list-style-type: none;margin-left: 0px;'><li><span id='bb0005'></span>
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[[#bb0005|Asadov, 1960]] S.M. Asadov; Helminthofauna of Ruminants in the USSR and its Ecological and Geographical Analysis; Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR, Baku (1960)</li>
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<li><span id='bb0010'></span>
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[[#bb0010|Gubanov, 1964]] N.M. Gubanov; Helminthofauna of Game Mammals in Yakutia; Nauka, Moscow (1964)</li>
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<li><span id='bb0015'></span>
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[[#bb0015|Ivashkin et al., 1971]] V.M. Ivashkin, V.N. Kontrimavichius, N.S. Nazarova; Methods of Collection and Study of Helminthes of Terrestrial Mammals; Nauka, Moscow (1971)</li>
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<li><span id='bb0020'></span>
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[[#bb0020|Kadenazii, 1958]] A.N. Kadenazii; To the knowledge of helminthofauna of musk deer (''Moschus moschiferus''  L.)                                        ; Proceedings of Institute of Zoology, 9, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1958), pp. 107–110</li>
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<li><span id='bb0025'></span>
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[[#bb0025|Kuznetsov, 2006]] D.N. Kuznetsov; A method for differentiation of nematodes of subfamily Ostertagiinae; Transactions of All-Russian, 43, K. I. Skryabin Institute for Helminthology (2006), pp. 271–278</li>
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<li><span id='bb0030'></span>
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[[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin, 1963]] P.G. Oshmarin, A.M. Parukhin; Trematodes and nematodes of birds and mammals of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve; Proceedings of Sikhote-Alin Reserve, 3 (1963), pp. 121–181 (Vladivostok, Russia)</li>
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<li><span id='bb0035'></span>
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[[#bb0035|Prikhodko, 2003]] V.I. Prikhodko; Musk deer. Origin, taxonomy, ecology, behavior and communication; Geos, Moscow (2003)</li>
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<li><span id='bb0040'></span>
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[[#bb0040|Pryadko, 1976]] E.I. Pryadko; Helminths of Deer; Nauka, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR (1976)</li>
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<li><span id='bb0045'></span>
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[[#bb0045|Safronov, 1961]] M.G. Safronov; About the species composition of pathogens echinococcosis in animals and humans in the Yakut ASSR; Proceedings of Yakutsk Scientific Institute of Agriculture, 3 (1961), pp. 11–12</li>
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<li><span id='bb9995'></span>
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[[#bb9995|Seidel, 1993]] B. Seidel; Keeping Chinese deer in captivity – a veterinary review [Deer of China] ; N. Ohtaishi, H.-I. Sheng (Eds.)Elsevier science publishers B.V (1993), pp. 390–400</li>
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<li><span id='bb9910'></span>
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[[#bb9910|Shults and Andreeva, 1948]] R.S. Shults, N.K. Andreeva; On the morphology and biology of new nematoda from lungs of musk deer; Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 62 (6) (1948), pp. 114–116</li>
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<li><span id='bb0050'></span>
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[[#bb0050|Skryabin et al., 1954]] K.I. Skryabin, N.P. Shikhobalova, R.S. Shults; Essentials of nematodology; Trichostrongyloids of animals and man, vol. 3, Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow (1954)</li>
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<li><span id='bb9920'></span>
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[[#bb9920|Sokolova, 1955]] I.B. Sokolova; The analysis of helminthofauna of wild ruminants in Kasakhstan; Proceedings of Institute of Zoology, 3, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1955), pp. 73–100</li>
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</ol>
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