Abstract

Background

Hand grip strength is often considered may predict cognitive functioning and has been established as associates of cognitive performance with individual differences in some particular cross-sectional studies. However, little is known about hand grip strength and cognitive performance in the elderly individuals, and it is not known whether changes in hand grip strength may be associated with preservation/decline in cognitive functioning.

Objectives

We have studied the impact of hand grip strength on cognition function in healthy kitchen workers.

Methods

Participants (n = 90, age range: 25–40 years) randomly assigned in to two groups according to their nature of work: Group I-Control group (n = 47) - workers recruited for simple work such as dusting, cleaning dining tables and floor. Group II-Study group (n = 43) - workers recruited for firm work such as cooking large quantity of food, kneading dough, rolling chapattis, cut and sauté the vegetables and dish washing. For the analyses, we used at dominant and non- dominant hand; hand grip strength (HGS), reaction time task, sensory disability test (SDT) and cognitive function test (CFT) among both the groups.

Result

We observed that visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) were significantly improved in dominant hand of study group, when compare to control group; however it was comparable in non-dominant hand among both the groups. In addition to; among all control and study group female workers there was significant positive correlation between VRT & ART and significant negative correlation between at dominant hand HGS & VRT as well as between at dominant hand HGS & ART. We also observed that dominant hand HGS was a significant predictor of VRT and ART and however there was no any significant variation in body mass index (BMI), sensory disability test (SDT) and cognitive function test (CFT) among both groups.

Conclusion

We found that muscle strength (as measured by hand grip strength) was associated with improved reaction time. Hence by using a simple muscle strength test; is one way of obtaining useful information for the development of nerve-muscle coordination. Increased handgrip strength would be associated with preservation of cognitive function.

Keywords

Cognition ; Grip strength ; Reaction time ; Sensory test

Introduction

Handgrip strength (HGS) is a noninvasive measure of physical health and usually assessed in different clinical settings as an indicator of over-all health status and upper limb strength (Bonitch-Góngora et al ., 2013  ; Nicolay and Walker, 2005  ;  Schlüssel et al ., 2008 ). Some cross-sectional studies have shown associations between muscle strength and physical fitness (Hasegawa et al ., 2008  ; Jeune et al ., 2006  ; Lauretani et al ., 2003  ;  Takata et al ., 2008 ). HGS is not only used for muscle strength, but also for changes in biological functioning (Bohannon, 2008 ). Measures of HGS may be viewed as a general indicator of the integrity of the central nervous system related to cognitive variables (Alfaro-Acha et al ., 2006  ; Raji et al ., 2005  ;  Taekema et al ., 2010 ). On the other hand; conflicting results have been reported when data from longitudinal studies have been analyzed to determine whether handgrip strength was a predictor of cognitive decline (Christensen et al ., 1999  ;  MacDonald et al ., 2004 ). Although there is substantial evidence that HGS and cognitive performance are associated with individual differences in some particular cross-sectional studies (Anstey and Smith, 1999  ;  Nourhashémi et al ., 2002 ) and longitudinal studies (Clouston et al ., 2013  ; Deary et al ., 2011  ;  Kuh et al ., 2009 ).

Most studies are reported on the relations between HGS and mental fitness or cognition in older individuals (Alfaro-Acha et al ., 2006  ; Buchman et al ., 2007  ;  Christensen et al ., 2000 ). However, to our knowledge studies reported in young adults are still lacking. Henceforth, the nature of the association between muscle strength and cognition is still uncertain in young adults. The identification of cognitive changes would be of practical benefit, particularly if these were identifiable early in adult life. Thus we hypothesized that change in handgrip strength would be associated with preservation/decline of cognitive function by examining the relationships between both these variables in young adults. So we have studied the impact of hand grip strength on cognition function in healthy kitchen workers.

Methods

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Participants

Varying as a function of age, the highest grip strength scores occur between the ages of 24 and 39 years (Mathiowetz et al., 1985 ). Hence in our study we have restricted the participant age between 25 and 40 years to evaluate the association with cognition. The participants were females workers working for more than five years in Peoples University college kitchen, hospital kitchen and hostels kitchen were recruited for the study. All participants were screened for medications and had no history of respiratory or cardiac diseases. Moreover, there were exclusion criteria for participants such as: self-reported chronic long-term musculoskeletal disease, progressive psychological or neurological disease, diagnosed cardiovascular or metabolic disease with regular medication and pregnant women. The 26 participants were excluded, because of older age, early employment, pregnancy and medical factor.

Ethic Declaration

This cross-sectional and prospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peoples University and committee of ethics in research involving human participation (PCMS/OD/2015/1069). All participants provided written informed consent to participate. The selected 90 participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned in to two groups according to their nature of work:

  • Group I-Control group (n = 47) - workers recruited for simple work such as dusting, cleaning dining tables and floor.
  • Group II- Study group (n = 43) - workers recruited for firm work such as cooking large quantity of food, kneading dough, rolling chapattis, cut and sauté the vegetables and dish washing.

The data were collected under natural environmental conditions in the morning (between 8 am and12 noon) to avoid diurnal variation.

Study Protocol

Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurements (on the Basis of Asian Population)

This was done in the orthostatic position. Weight and height were measured without shoes and with light clothing. The BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight by the squared height (Klein et al ., 2007  ;  Snehalatha et al ., 2003 ).

Determination of HGS

HGS was determined by using Smedley hand grip dynamometer which measures the force exerted in kilograms; as the maximum voluntary contraction (kg) sustained for at least 3 s. Each subject was given the verbal instruction and demonstration before being tested and further instructions are provided at the time of test. Subject stand upright holding the dynamometer in both dominant and non-dominant hand, with the shoulder abducted and elbow in full extension and will be encouraged to exert the maximal grip such as squeeze fingers and thumb together as hard as possible. The participant made six attempts (three with each hand) (Coldham et al., 2006 ). Three trials with brief pauses of 10–20 s were allowed and the highest score (in kg) was considered as the participants grip strength score.

Reaction Time Task

This measured time (in milli-sec) responds to right or left light and sound signal with a right or left button press by both dominant and non-dominant hand; as previously explained by our research group (Choudhary et al., 2016 ). It consisted of two units, a device for stimuli settings and another for stimuli response, along with an electronic chronometer for measuring the reaction time in milliseconds. During each examination procedure, each subject was communicated regarding stimulus (sound/light) to respond. The subjects were instructed to place index fingers over these buttons, such as left index finger goes over the left button and right index finger goes over the right button and were seated in front of a desk with the responding device placed on top of it. The task was to press the appropriate button as soon as the stimulus appeared. Six practice trials were then given for each subject. In order to avoid the anticipation of a stimulus, the examiner varied the intervals between successive stimuli. Each experimental situation consisted of three trials, from which the arithmetic mean was calculated and represented as an individual reaction time expressed in milliseconds.

Cognitive Function Test (CFT)

Cognitive function was evaluated with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Bird et al ., 1987  ;  Folstein et al ., 1975 ). Scores have a potential range of 0 to 30, with the highest scores indicating indicative of healthier cognitive ability.

Sensory Disability Test (SDT)

This was measured in both dominant and non-dominant hand by a scale measuring sensory disability based on 12 items (Christensen et al., 2000 ) where 10 of were self-rated and 2 of were rated by the interviewer and the maximum score on the scale was 27, with the highest scores indicating healthier sensory functioning.

Statistical Analysis

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). All data were analyzed with the SPSS for windows statistical package (version 20.0, SPSS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina). Statistical significance between the different groups was determined by the independent student ʻt -test’ and the significance level was fixed at p ≤  0.05. Finally, Pearson correlation and linear regression was used between two variables.

Result

The Comparison of BMI among Control and Study Groups

The data are summarized in (Table 1 ) with mean ± SD. Among workers in control group and study group, there were no any significant variation in body mass index (BMI) and their age groups.

Table 1. The comparison of body mass index (BMI); among control and study groups.
Control group(n = 47) Study group (n = 43)
Age (years) 24.25 ± 4.47 27.68 ± 5.40
Height (cm) 172.38 ± 10.66 169.24 ± 13.84
Weight (Kg) 62.72 ± 7.54. 60.30 ± 10.23
BMI (kg/m2 ) 20.89 ± 2.73 19.55 ± 2.42

The Comparison of HGS among Control and Study Groups

The data are summarized in (Table 2 ) with mean ± SD. The study group female workers showed significant increase in HGS at dominant hand, when compare to control group females. However HGS at non-dominant hand was comparable among both the groups.

Table 2. The comparison of HGS, RT, SDT, CT; among control and study groups.
Control group(n = 47) Study group (n = 43)
HGS(kg)
Dominant hand 18.67 ± 2.73 25.38 ± 3.13⁎
Non-dominant hand 17.20 ± 2.32 19.38 ± 2.56
VRT(milli-sec)
Dominant hand 415 ± 28 342 ± 37⁎
Non-dominant hand 428 ± 33 405 ± 30
ART(milli-sec)
Dominant hand 265 ± 15 213 ± 20⁎
Non-dominant hand 285 ± 17 270 ± 18
SDT
Dominant hand 23.25 ± 3.18 24.16 ± 2.86
Non-dominant hand 22.80 ± 2.63 23.80 ± 2.39
CFT
MMSE score 25.66 ± 3.58 26.25 ± 3.80

⁎. Significance change (p ≤ 0.05) compared with control group; hand grip strength (HGS), visual reaction time (VRT), auditory reaction time (ART), sensory disability test (SDT), cognitive function test (CFT).

The Comparison of Visual Reaction Time (VRT) & Auditory Reaction Time (ART) among Control and Study Groups

The data are summarized in (Table 2 ) with mean ± SD. The VRT and ART were significantly improved in dominant hand of study group, when compare to control group; however it was comparable in non-dominant hand among both the groups. In addition to among all control and study group female workers there was significant positive correlation between VRT & ART (Fig. 1 ) [r(88) = 0.87;P = 0.01] and significant negative correlation between at dominant hand HGS & VRT(Fig. 2 ) [r(88) = 0.78;P = 0.01] as well as between at dominant hand HGS & ART(Fig. 3 ) [r(88) = 0.81;P = 0.01]. We also observed that dominant hand HGS was a significant predictor of VRT [β = − 0.78,t(88) = 43.25; F(1,88) = 136, P = 0.01, R2  = 0.60] and ART [β = − 0.81,t(88) = 45.00; F(1,88) = 171, P = 0.01, R2  = 0.66].


Fig. 1


Fig. 1.

Positive correlation between visual reaction time (VRT), and auditory reaction time (ART) at dominant hand among control and study groups.


Fig. 2


Fig. 2.

Negative correlation between at dominant hand grip strength (HGS) and visual reaction time (VRT) among control and study groups.


Fig. 3


Fig. 3.

Negative correlation between at dominant hand grip strength (HGS) and auditory reaction time (ART) among control and study groups.

The Comparison of SDT & CFT among Control and Study Groups

The data are summarized in (Table 2 ) with mean ± SD. Among workers in control group and study group; SDT at both dominant and non-dominant was comparable as well as there was no any significant variation in CFT in between control and study group.

Discussion

The human hand is unique to perform motor task and also capable of relaying sensory perception to the brain (Günther et al., 2008 ). Hand-eye coordination, is closely involved in the coordination of the voluntary movement (Gribble et al., 2002 ). HGS is greatly affected by daily life pattern (Pijnappels et al., 2008 ).

In the present study, the dominant hand displayed maximal handgrip strength and improved reaction time than that of the non-dominant hand. The dominant hand is superior than non-dominant hand as the individual habitually favors one hand in daily life (Aoki and Demura, 2008  ;  Aoki and Demura, 2009 ). In addition to, lateral dominance appears in motor tasks which demand dexterity of the hands, fingers and upper limbs and hence it confirms that laterality exists in each body part with bilateral symmetry in humans (Kubota and Demura, 2011  ;  Noguchi et al ., 2009 ).

The relationship between measures of non-cognitive markers such as HGS and motor control (reaction time) has been established. The researcher has found that reaction time was closely related to grip strength (as measured by HGS) than whichever physical or mental health (Anstey et al ., 2005  ;  Lord et al ., 2002 ). Our findings in this study; such as maximal HGS and improved reaction time are similar to the results from previous studies where HGS and reaction time are correlated (Lord et al ., 2002  ;  Proctor et al ., 2006 ).

The proposed mechanisms for the relationship between grip strength and cognition in healthy adults are brain-aging processes, such as the functioning of the central nervous system or changes in white matter integrity (Baltes & Lindenberger, 1997; Christensen et al., 2001). The area of the brain often associated with motor control (reaction time) and mental attention is the anterior portion of the internal capsule (Zaborszky et al., 1999 ). Some studies recommend that measurements of brain health as measured by cerebral white matter integrity; established a relationship existed between grip strength, reaction time and cerebral white matter integrity in the internal capsule (Lindberg et al ., 2007  ;  Madden et al ., 2004 ). But the mechanisms intended are not completely understood. This suggests that improved reaction time in this study may associate with greater cerebral white matter integrity and may be hemispheric specific in the left side of the anterior internal capsule for predominately right handed individuals or vice versa.

We didn't observe any significant change in cognitive function and sensory disability test among both groups. These results are consistent with earlier findings and suggesting a relationship between HGS and cognitive function; such as an increased physical activity that improves muscle strength might help to prevent cognitive decline (Hassmén and Koivula, 1997  ;  Williams and Lord, 1997 ). Conversely; low handgrip strength might accelerate cognitive decline (Alfaro-Acha et al ., 2006  ; Buchman et al ., 2007  ;  Christensen et al ., 2000 ). Briefly, speed of processing has been regarded as a major determinant of cognitive efficiency and faster nervous system activity may responsible for efficient cognition (Paas et al., 2003 ).

Limitation of the Study

Future studies with more number of participants may help to add further data on this finding and results were controlled for by gender, and not analyzed with regard to gender differences. Such differences exist in both grip strength and cognition (De Frias et al., 2006 ), and to get a better understanding of gender differences in underlying mechanisms, would be a natural continuation of this study. In addition we were not able to examine the biomarkers that incorporate blood sample; which may further add a new dimension to explore this outcome.

Conclusion

In this cross sectional study, we can conclude that our results are consistent with hypothesis. We found that muscle strength (as measured by hand grip strength) was associated with improved reaction time. Hence by using a simple muscle strength test; is one way of obtaining useful information for the development of nerve-muscle coordination. Increased handgrip strength would be associated with preservation of cognitive function. Hence its recommended to promote adoption of proper diets to enhance muscle strength, particularly among those who have lower grip strength in young individuals and some more research work should evaluate these bidirectional connections underlying between both grip strength and cognitive abilities.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Peoples University for their financial support.

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