Drag on a slip spherical particle moving in a couple stress fluid

==Abstract==

The creeping motion of a rigid slip sphere in an unbounded couple stress fluid is investigated. The linear slip boundary condition and the vanishing couple stress condition are applied on the surface of the sphere. A simple formula for the drag force acting on a slip sphere translating in an unbounded couple stress fluid is obtained. Special cases of the deduced drag formula are concluded and compared with analogous results in the literature. The normalized drag force experienced by the fluid on the slip sphere is represented graphically and the effects of slip parameter and viscosity coefficients are discussed.

==Keywords==

Drag formula; Couple stress fluid; Slip condition

==1. Introduction==

The theory of couple stress fluids has been introduced by Stokes [[#b0005|[1]]] and [[#b0010|[2]]] to avoid the inadequacy of the classical Navier–Stokes model describing the correct behavior of some types of fluids with microstructure such as animal blood flow, chemical suspensions, and liquid crystals [[#b0015|[3]]] and [[#b0020|[4]]]. In the developed theory of fluids with couple stresses, it is considered that the surface of a portion of the fluid medium is affected on by a stress vector in addition to a couple stress vector [[#b0005|[1]]]. The presence of non-symmetric stress tensor, body couples, and couple stress tensor, depending on the curvature twist rate tensor, distinguishes the model of couple stress fluids. Mathematically, the motion of a couple stress fluid is governed by an equation similar to the classical Navier–Stokes equation but with higher order and the constitutive equations are characterized by two tensors representing the stresses and the couple stresses [[#b0010|[2]]].

Fluids with microstructure can also be described by another model, namely micropolar fluids, introduced by Eringen. Many authors have utilized the model of micropolar theory to physical problems of fluids with microstructure such as blood flow. A general expression for the drag force experienced by a micropolar fluid on an axisymmetric body has been derived by Ramkissoon and Majumdar [[#b0015|[3]]]. They applied their derived formula to discuss the flow of micropolar fluid past a sphere. Hoffmann et al. [[#b0020|[4]]] discussed the drag on a sphere in micropolar fluids assuming non-homogeneous boundary condition for the microrotation vector. Shu and Lee [[#b0025|[5]]] derived fundamental solutions for micropolar fluids due to a point force and a point couple and applied their results to obtain the drag force acting on a solid sphere that translates in a low-Reynolds number micropolar flow. Deo and Shukla [[#b0030|[6]]] studied the problem of creeping flow of a micropolar liquid past a fluid sphere with non-homogeneous boundary condition for microrotation. They discussed the drag force acting on the fluid sphere with respect to the material parameters. Ashmawy [[#b0035|[7]]] obtained a general formula for the drag on a sphere placed in a creeping unsteady micropolar fluid flow.

Many other researchers have investigated viscous fluid flow problems through the use of Navier–Stokes equations. Felderhof [[#b0040|[8]]] studied the steady motion of a viscous incompressible fluid with spinning particles using no-slip boundary condition. Lindgren [[#b0045|[9]]] investigated the motion of a sphere in a viscous liquid at Reynolds numbers considerably less than one. Also, Liao [[#b0050|[10]]] applied the homotopy analysis method to give approximate solutions for viscous fluid flow past a sphere using no-slip condition.

Although too many researchers considered viscous and micropolar fluid flows, less attention has been given recently to the model of couple stress fluids. Pralhad and Schultz [[#b0055|[11]]] investigated the problem of blood flow in a stenosed tube using the couple stress model. Reddy et al. [[#b0060|[12]]] studied the blood flow between the clogged artery and the catheter using the model of couple stress fluid. The same authors studied the problem of blood flow through unsymmetric stenosed tapered artery in the presence of catheter [[#b0065|[13]]] using the model of couple stress fluids. Naduvinamani et al. [[#b0070|[14]]] discussed the effect of surface roughness on the hydrodynamic lubrication of couple stress squeeze film between a sphere and a flat plate. Devakar and Iyengar [[#b0075|[15]]] studied the motion of a couple stress fluid between two parallel plates. Iyengar and Vani discussed the slow rotational motion of a couple stress fluid between two confocal oblate spheroids [[#b0080|[16]]]. The oscillatory flow of an incompressible couple stress fluid through an annulus with mild constriction at the outer wall is studied by Srinivasacharya and Srikanth [[#b0085|[17]]]. Devakar et al. [[#b0090|[18]]] applied the slip condition to the Couette and Poiseuille couple stress fluid flows.

The classical no-slip boundary condition has been applied extensively in the field of fluid dynamics. However, in the last century numerous studies have been established that the no-slip condition may not always occur and that the slippage of fluid particles on the surface of the rigid boundary can take place [[#b0095|[19]]] and [[#b0100|[20]]]. Recently, a linear slip boundary condition stating that the fluid tangential velocity relative to the solid boundary is proportional to the shearing stress acting at the contact point has been proposed and applied to many fluid problems either viscous or micropolar [[#b0105|[21]]], [[#b0110|[22]]], [[#b0115|[23]]], [[#b0120|[24]]], [[#b0125|[25]]], [[#b0130|[26]]], [[#b0135|[27]]], [[#b0140|[28]]] and [[#b0145|[29]]].

Based on the above mentioned literature review and to the best knowledge of the author, the influence of the drag force experienced by a couple stress fluid on a moving sphere, utilizing linear slip condition, has not been investigated yet. In the present work, we investigate the slow steady motion of a slip spherical particle in an unbounded incompressible couple stress fluid. The velocity slip boundary condition is applied on the surface of the rigid boundary. Also, it is assumed that the couple stress vanishes on the surface of the sphere. The drag force experienced by the couple stress fluid on the surface of the sphere using slip condition is obtained and represented graphically.

==2. Formulation of the problem==

The field equations governing a slow steady motion of an incompressible couple stress fluid, in the absence of body forces and body couples, are [[#b0005|[1]]] and [[#b0010|[2]]]

<span id='e0005'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>q_{i\mbox{,}i}=0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.1)
|}

<span id='e0010'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\mu q_{\mbox{i,jj}}-\eta q_{i\mbox{,}jjkk}-p_{\mbox{,}i}=</math><math>0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.2)
|}

where ''q<sub>i</sub>'' is the velocity vector and ''p'' represents the fluid pressure at any point in the fluid flow. The classical viscosity coefficient ''μ'' has the dimensions ''M''/''LT'' while the couple stress viscosity parameters ''η'' and ''η''′ have the dimensions of momentum, namely ''ML''/''T''. These material constants are constrained to the following restrictions  [[#b0010|[2]]].

<span id='e0015'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\mu \geqslant 0\mbox{,}\eta \geqslant 0\mbox{,}\eta \geqslant {\eta }^{{'}}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.3)
|}

To completely describe the problem governed by  [[#e0005|(2.1)]] and [[#e0010|(2.2)]], a set of six boundary conditions are needed. Three boundary conditions on the velocity, namely slip conditions, and three boundary conditions on couple stresses are provided.

The following slip boundary condition is imposed on the surface of the spherical particle, ''r'' = ''r''<sub>0</sub>, [[#b0110|[22]]]

<span id='e0020'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>{\beta }_0(q_i-U\quad {\hat{e}}_z)=(I-n_kn_k)\quad (n_jt_{ji})\quad on\quad r=</math><math>r_0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.4)
|}

where <math display="inline">{\hat{e}}_z</math> is the unit vector along ''z''-direction, ''n<sub>j</sub>'' is the unit normal to the boundary pointing into the fluid and '''I''' is the unit dyadic. In addition, the parameter ''β''<sub>0</sub> is termed the slip coefficient which is varying from zero to infinity. This parameter depends only on the nature of the fluid flow and the material of the boundary. The classical case of no-slip condition can be recovered as a special case when the slip parameter approaches infinity while the perfect slip is deduced when the slip parameter vanishes.

The remaining proposed boundary condition is the vanishing couple stress on the surface of the sphere. This means that the mechanical interaction at the boundary is equivalent to a force distribution only [[#b0010|[2]]]

<span id='e0025'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>n_jm_{ji}=0\mbox{,}\quad on\quad r=r_0\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.5)
|}

The stress tensor ''t<sub>ij</sub>'' and the couple stress tensor ''m<sub>ij</sub>'' can be written as  [[#b0005|[1]]] and [[#b0010|[2]]]

<span id='e0030'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>t_{ij}=-p\quad {\delta }_{ij}+\quad 2\mu \quad d_{ij}-</math><math>\frac{1}{2}\quad \quad e_{ijk}\quad m_{sk\mbox{,}s}\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.6)
|}

<span id='e0035'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>m_{ij}=m{\delta }_{ij}+4(\eta \quad {\omega }_{j\mbox{,}i}+</math><math>{\eta }^{{'}}\quad {\omega }_{i\mbox{,}j})\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.7)
|}

where ''m'' is the trace of the couple stress tensor. The deformation rate tensor ''d<sub>ij</sub>  '' and the vorticity vector <math display="inline">{\omega }_i</math> are given by

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>d_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}(q_{i\mbox{,}j}+q_{j\mbox{,}i})\quad {\omega }_i\quad =</math><math>\frac{1}{2}\quad e_{ijk}\quad q_{k\mbox{,}j}\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.8)
|}

Also, ''δ<sub>ij</sub>'' and ''e<sub>ijk</sub>'' are denoting the Kronecker delta and the alternating tensor, respectively.

Consider the steady creeping motion of an incompressible couple stress fluid extending to infinity; that is, the fluid region is assumed to be unbounded. We assume that a solid sphere of radius, ''r''<sub>0</sub>, is allowed to translate in an infinite region filled with a couple stress fluid. The velocity of the sphere is supposed to be constant of magnitude ''U'' directed along ''z''-direction.

Working with the spherical polar coordinates (''r'', ''θ'', ''ϕ''), the velocity vector can take the form

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\overset{\rightarrow}{q}=(u(r\mbox{,}\theta )\mbox{,}v(r\mbox{,}\theta )\mbox{,}0)\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.9)
|}

The stream function ''ψ''(''r'', ''θ'') can be used such that

<span id='e0050'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>u(r\mbox{,}\theta )=\frac{-1}{r^2sin\theta }\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial \theta }\mbox{,}\quad v(r\mbox{,}\theta )=</math><math>\frac{1}{rsin\theta }\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial r}\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.10)
|}

Thus, the governing equations [[#e0010|(2.2)]] reduce to

<span id='e0055'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\frac{\partial p}{\partial r}+\frac{\mu }{r^2sin\theta }\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }E^2\psi -</math><math>\frac{\eta }{r^2sin\theta }\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }E^4\psi =</math><math>0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.11)
|}

<span id='e0060'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial p}{\partial \theta }-\frac{\mu }{rsin\theta }\frac{\partial }{\partial r}E^2\psi +</math><math>\frac{\eta }{rsin\theta }\frac{\partial }{\partial r}E^4\psi =</math><math>0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.12)
|}

where

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>E^2=\frac{{\partial }^2}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{{\partial }^2}{\partial {\theta }^2}-</math><math>\frac{cot\theta }{r^2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | 
|}

Eliminating the pressure appearing in the two equations  [[#e0055|(2.11)]] and [[#e0060|(2.12)]], we obtain

<span id='e0070'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>E^4(E^2-{\lambda }^2)\quad \psi (r\mbox{,}\theta )=</math><math>0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2.13)
|}

where <math display="inline">{\lambda }^2=\mu /\eta \mbox{.}</math>

The parameter <math display="inline">\beta =r_0\sqrt{\mu /\eta }=r_0\lambda </math> is denoting the couple stress parameter where the length-dependent parameter <math display="inline">\sqrt{\eta /\mu }</math> is a characteristic measure of the polarity of the couple stress fluids model. For the case of non-polar fluids, the length-dependent parameter becomes identically zero.

==3. Solution of the problem==

In order to obtain the solution of the differential equation [[#e0070|(2.13)]], the superposition principle is used by assuming that ''ψ'' = ''ψ''<sub>1</sub> + ''ψ''<sub>2</sub> such that

<span id='e0075'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>E^4\quad {\psi }_1(r\mbox{,}\theta )=0\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.1)
|}

<span id='e0080'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>(E^2-{\lambda }^2)\quad {\psi }_2(r\mbox{,}\theta )=</math><math>0\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.2)
|}

The well known solutions of the differential equations [[#e0075|(3.1)]] and [[#e0080|(3.2)]], regular at infinity, have the forms

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>{\psi }_1(r\mbox{,}\theta )=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{A}{r}+\right. </math><math>\left. Br\right){sin}^2\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.3)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>{\psi }_2(r\mbox{,}\theta )=\frac{C}{2}\left(1+\frac{1}{\lambda r}\right)e^{-\lambda r}{sin}^2\theta \mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.4)
|}

Therefore, the general solution of Eq. [[#e0070|(2.13)]] is

<span id='e0095'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\psi (r\mbox{,}\theta )=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{A}{r}+\right. </math><math>\left. Br+C\left\{1+\frac{1}{\lambda r}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right){sin}^2\theta \mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.5)
|}

Substituting into expressions [[#e0050|(2.10)]], we get

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\quad u(r\mbox{,}\theta )=-\quad \left(\frac{A}{r^3}+\right. </math><math>\left. \frac{B}{r}+C\left\{\frac{1}{r^2}+\frac{1}{\lambda r^3}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)cos\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.6)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\quad v(r\mbox{,}\theta )=\frac{1}{2}\left(-\frac{A}{r^3}+\right. </math><math>\left. \frac{B}{r}-C\left\{\frac{\lambda }{r}+\frac{1}{r^2}+\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. \frac{1}{\lambda r^3}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)sin\theta \mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.7)
|}

Also, the non-vanishing component of the vorticity vector is found to be

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\quad {\omega }_{\phi }(r\mbox{,}\theta )=\frac{1}{4}\left(-\right. </math><math>\left. \frac{2B}{r^2}+C{\lambda }^2\left\{\frac{1}{r}+\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. \frac{1}{\lambda r^2}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)sin\theta \mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.8)
|}

Substituting for <math display="inline">\psi (r\mbox{,}\theta )</math> into Eqs. [[#e0055|(2.11)]] and [[#e0060|(2.12)]] and then integrating, we obtain the pressure at any point in the fluid as

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>p(r\mbox{,}\theta )=-\frac{\mu \quad B}{r^2}cos\theta \mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.9)
|}

The imposed slip boundary condition [[#e0020|(2.4)]] and the vanishing couple stress condition [[#e0025|(2.5)]] applied on the surface of the spherical particle reduce to

<span id='e0120'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>u(r_0\mbox{,}\theta )=U\quad cos\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.10)
|}

<span id='e0125'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>{\beta }_0\lbrace v(r_0\mbox{,}\theta )+Usin\theta \rbrace =</math><math>t_{r\theta }(r_0\mbox{,}\theta )\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.11)
|}

<span id='e0130'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>m_{r\phi }(r_0\mbox{,}\theta )=0\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.12)
|}

To employ the proposed boundary conditions [[#e0120|(3.10)]], [[#e0125|(3.11)]] and [[#e0130|(3.12)]], we use the constitutive equations [[#e0030|(2.6)]] and [[#e0035|(2.7)]] to obtain the stress and couple stress components as

<span id='e0135'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\begin{array}{rl}
t_{rr}= & -p+2\mu \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\\
= & \mu \quad \left(\frac{6A}{r^4}+\frac{3B}{r^2}+C\left\{\frac{2\lambda }{r^2}+\frac{6}{r^3}+\frac{6}{\lambda r^4}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)cos\theta \mbox{,}
\end{array}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.13)
|}

<span id='e0140'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\begin{array}{rl}
t_{r\theta }= & \mu \left(\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial u}{\partial \theta }-\frac{v}{r}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}\right)-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial m_{\theta \phi }}{\partial \theta }+\frac{\partial m_{r\phi }}{\partial r}+\frac{2m_{r\phi }+m_{\phi r}}{r}\right)\\
= & \mu \quad \left(\frac{3A}{r^4}+C\left\{\frac{\lambda }{r^2}+\frac{3}{r^3}+\frac{3}{\lambda r^4}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)sin\theta \mbox{,}
\end{array}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.14)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>m_{r\phi }=\quad \left\{(2\eta +{\eta }^{{'}})\quad \left(\frac{2B}{r^3}-\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. {\lambda }^2C\left\{\frac{1}{r^2}+\frac{1}{\lambda r^3}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)-\right. </math><math>\left. \eta \quad \frac{{\lambda }^3C}{r}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right\}sin\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.15)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>m_{\phi \quad r}=\left\{(\eta +2{\eta }^{{'}})\quad \left(\frac{2B}{r^3}-\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. {\lambda }^2C\left\{\frac{1}{r^2}+\frac{1}{\lambda r^3}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)-\right. </math><math>\left. {\eta }^{{'}}\quad \frac{{\lambda }^3C}{r}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right\}sin\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.16)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>m_{\theta \phi }=(\eta -{\eta }^{{'}})\quad \left(-\right. </math><math>\left. \frac{2B}{r^3}+{\lambda }^2C\left\{\frac{1}{r^2}+\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. \frac{1}{\lambda r^3}\right\}\quad e^{-\lambda r}\right)cos\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.17)
|}

Applying the boundary conditions [[#e0120|(3.10)]], [[#e0125|(3.11)]] and [[#e0130|(3.12)]], we obtain

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>A=\frac{{Ur}_0^3}{2}\left\{\frac{\xi }{\left(\xi +3\right)}+\right. </math><math>\left. \frac{3\alpha \quad (\xi +2)\quad }{{\beta }^2\quad (\xi +3)}\left(\frac{(\xi +3)({\beta }^2+2\beta +2)-{\beta }^2}{\alpha +\beta (\xi +3)}\right)\right\}\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.18)
|}

<span id='e0165'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>B=\frac{-3{Ur}_0}{2}\left\{1+\frac{\alpha \quad (\xi +1)-\quad \beta }{\quad \alpha +\beta \quad (\xi +3)}\right\}\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.19)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>C=\frac{-3{Ur}_0^2\alpha \quad (\xi +2)}{\quad \beta (\alpha +\beta \quad (\xi +3))}e^{\beta }\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3.20)
|}

where

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>\alpha =\frac{2+\tau }{2+\tau +\beta }\mbox{,}\quad \quad \quad \quad \xi =</math><math>\frac{r_0{\beta }_0}{\mu }\mbox{,}\quad \tau =\frac{{\eta }^{{'}}}{\eta }\mbox{,}\quad \beta =</math><math>\lambda r_0\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | 
|}

==4. Drag force on a sphere==

The drag force experienced by a couple stress fluid extending to infinity on a spherical particle translating in it, along its direction of motion, is evaluated using the following integral formula [[#b0150|[30]]]

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=2\pi \quad r_0^2{\int }_0^{\pi }{\left(t_{rr}cos\theta -t_{r\theta }sin\theta \right)}_{r=r_0}\quad sin\theta \quad d\theta \mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.1)
|}

Substituting the expressions [[#e0135|(3.13)]] and [[#e0140|(3.14)]] into the above formula, we obtain

<span id='e0185'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=4\pi \mu \quad B\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.2)
|}

From the expression [[#e0095|(3.5)]], we find that

<span id='e0190'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>B=2\underset{r\rightarrow \infty}{lim}\frac{\psi }{r{sin}^2\theta }\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.3)
|}

Substituting from [[#e0190|(4.3)]] into [[#e0185|(4.2)]], we arrive at the formula

<span id='e0195'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=8\pi \mu \quad \quad \underset{r\rightarrow \infty}{lim}\frac{\psi }{r{sin}^2\theta }\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.4)
|}

Formula [[#e0195|(4.4)]] is similar to that obtained by Happel and Brenner for Newtonian viscous fluids [[#b0155|[31]]]. A similar formula for the drag in the case of micropolar fluids has been provided by Ramkissoon and Majumdar [[#b0015|[3]]] in the form

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>D=4\pi \quad (2\mu +\kappa )\quad \quad \underset{r\rightarrow \infty}{lim}\frac{\psi }{r{sin}^2\theta }\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.5)
|}

where ''κ'' is the micropolarity parameter that characterizes the model of micropolar fluids.

Now, we aim to apply the general formula [[#e0195|(4.4)]] to our boundary value problem governed by [[#e0005|(2.1)]], [[#e0010|(2.2)]], [[#e0015|(2.3)]], [[#e0020|(2.4)]] and [[#e0025|(2.5)]] to evaluate the drag force experienced by the couple stress fluid on the surface of the slip spherical object.

Substituting for the constant ''B'' from  [[#e0165|(3.19)]] into Eq. [[#e0185|(4.2)]], we obtain

<span id='e0205'></span>
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=-6\pi \mu \quad r_0U\left\{1+\frac{\alpha (\xi +1)-\beta }{\alpha +\beta \quad (\xi +3)}\right\}\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.6)
|}

Later formula [[#e0205|(4.6)]] represents the drag force experienced by a couple stress fluid on the surface of a slip spherical object translating in it. This formula generalizes the results given by Stokes [[#b0160|[32]]] and Basset [[#b0165|[33]]]. It can be noticed from the drag formula [[#e0205|(4.6)]] that the couple stress parameter ''β  '' contributes considerably on the drag force and this can also be concluded from the numerical results. As this parameter approaches infinity (i.e. when the length-dependent parameter <math display="inline">\sqrt{\eta /\mu }</math> vanishes), the couple stress features disappear and the case of classical non-polar fluids occurs.

In other words, the drag force acting on a non-slip sphere moving in a couple stress fluid obtained by Stokes [[#b0160|[32]]] can be recovered from our formula [[#e0205|(4.6)]] as a limiting case when ''ξ'' → ∞ to get

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=-6\pi \mu \quad r_0U\left\{1+\frac{\alpha }{\beta \quad }\right\}\mbox{,}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.7)
|}

Another special case can be concluded from the formula [[#e0205|(4.6)]] by taking the limit as ''η'' → 0 (i.e. ''β'' → ∞) to recover the drag on a slip sphere moving in a viscous fluid obtained by Basset [[#b0165|[33]]]

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=-6\pi \mu \quad r_0U\left\{\frac{\xi +2}{\xi +3}\right\}\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.8)
|}

Moreover, the drag force acting on a non-slip sphere moving in a viscous fluid can be deduced from [[#e0205|(4.6)]] by taking the limits as ''η'' → 0 and ''ξ'' → ∞

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math>F_z=-6\pi \mu \quad r_0U\mbox{.}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4.9)
|}

==5. Numerical results==

In this section, we represent the normalized drag force ''F<sub>z</sub>''/''F''<sub>0</sub>, where <math display="inline">F_0=-6\pi \mu \quad r_0U\mbox{,}</math> experienced by the couple stress fluid on the slip spherical particle numerically. The effect of the couple stress viscosity parameter, ''β'', on the drag is discussed in  [[#f0005|Fig. 1]]. It is observed that as ''β'' increases (i.e. as ''η'' decreases), the normalized drag force decreases and that the contribution of this viscosity parameter on the drag is remarkable. Also, the values of drag force of the present problem are compared with the results of Basset  [[#b0165|[33]]] where ''β'' is approaching infinity. It is concluded that the values of the resistance of couple stress fluids exceed considerably its values in the classical viscous fluids.  [[#f0010|Fig. 2]] shows the variation of the normalized drag force versus the slip parameter for different values of the couple stress viscosity ratio ''τ'' = ''η''′/''η''. It is noticed that the increase in the parameter ''τ'' results in an increase in the drag. The effect of the slip parameter can be observed from  [[#f0015|Fig. 3]]. In this figure, a comparison between our results and the analogous results of Stokes [[#b0160|[32]]] with no-slip (i.e. ''ξ'' → ∞) is demonstrated. It can be seen that the drag values in the presence of slip are less than its values in the case of no-slip. In addition, it can be observed that the increase in the slip parameter increases the drag force and the no-slip case can be reached when the slip parameter approaches infinity. [[#f0020|Fig. 4]], presents the variation of the normalized drag force versus the couple stress parameter ''β'' for different values of the viscosity ratio ''τ''. It is noticed that the increase of ''τ'' results in a slight increase in the drag. The main reason of this slight effect on the drag is that the couple stress viscosity parameter ''η'' appears also in the non-dimensional parameter ''β'' which is varying as presented in  [[#f0020|Fig. 4]]. The distributions of the velocity components against the distance from the obstacle for different values of ''β'' are shown in  [[#f0025|Figure 5]] and [[#f0030|Figure 6]]. It is observed, as expected, that far from the spherical particle the values of the velocity decrease. Also, the effect of the slip parameter on the velocity components is shown in  [[#f0035|Figure 7]] and [[#f0040|Figure 8]]. It can be noticed that the increase in the slip values increases the radial velocity while it decreases the transverse velocity. The same observation of  [[#f0025|Figure 5]] and [[#f0030|Figure 6]] is also noticed in  [[#f0035|Figure 7]] and [[#f0040|Figure 8]].

<span id='f0005'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr1.jpg|center|347px|Drag force variation with the slip parameter ξ for τ=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 1.

Drag force variation with the slip parameter ''ξ'' for ''τ'' = 1.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0010'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr2.jpg|center|349px|Drag force variation with the slip parameter ξ for β=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 2.

Drag force variation with the slip parameter ''ξ'' for ''β'' = 1.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0015'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr3.jpg|center|348px|Drag force variation with the couple stress parameter β for τ=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 3.

Drag force variation with the couple stress parameter ''β'' for ''τ'' = 1.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0020'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr4.jpg|center|350px|Drag force variation with the couple stress parameter β for ξ=10.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 4.

Drag force variation with the couple stress parameter ''β'' for ''ξ'' = 10.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0025'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr5.jpg|center|355px|Variation of the radial velocity with the displacement for ξ=10 and τ=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 5.

Variation of the radial velocity with the displacement for ''ξ'' = 10 and ''τ'' = 1.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0030'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr6.jpg|center|356px|Variation of the transverse velocity with the displacement for ξ=10 and τ=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 6.

Variation of the transverse velocity with the displacement for ''ξ'' = 10 and ''τ'' = 1.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0035'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr7.jpg|center|350px|Variation of the radial velocity with the displacement for β=1 and τ=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 7.

Variation of the radial velocity with the displacement for ''β'' = 1 and ''τ'' = 1.

</span>
|}

<span id='f0040'></span>

{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%;" 
|-
|


[[Image:draft_García_970214986-1-s2.0-S1110016816300461-gr8.jpg|center|355px|Variation of the transverse velocity with the displacement for β=1 and τ=1.]]


|-
| <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">

Figure 8.

Variation of the transverse velocity with the displacement for ''β'' = 1 and ''τ'' = 1.

</span>
|}

==6. Conclusion==

The slow steady motion of a rigid sphere in a couple stress fluid with the effect of slip boundary condition is investigated. The drag force acting on the slip spherical particle is evaluated and some special cases are recovered and compared with analogous results. The effects of the couple stress viscosity parameters and the slip coefficient on the fluid flow are discussed. It is concluded that the increase in the couple stress viscosity parameter ''β'' (i.e. the decrease of ''η'') decreases the normalized drag force. This means that the resistance of couple stress fluids exceeds the resistance of classical viscous fluids. Also, as expected, it is observed that the values of the drag force acting on a slip sphere increase with the increase in the slip parameter. It can be also concluded that far from the obstacle the values of the velocity decrease.

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